ENHANCEMENT OF URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES BY URBAN AGRICULTURE: A SOUTHEAST ASIAN PERSPECTIVE
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Published:
Dec 31, 2020
Keywords:
agriculture, urban ecology, sustainable ecosystem, sustainable development, environmental management
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Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, urban agriculture has been weighed as a strategy to address the loss of urban livability. This study will address three key aspects: 1) urban ecosystem services in Southeast Asia; 2) sustainable urban agriculture in Southeast Asia; and 3) enhancing urban ecosystem services through Southeast Asian urban agriculture. In the literature on environmental protection, the importance placed upon urban environments has been relatively limited as compared with other habitats such as wetlands or forests. Currently, urban agriculture is complementary to rural development (mainly by providing perishable goods such as fruits, meat, and eggs), and it is now well-established that it is developing community food supply networks. These and related issues call for a deeper understanding of the relationships between plants, city dwellers and the urban climate, which will help set the foundations for permanently upgradable structures capable of adjusting to a world that changes every day.
Keywords: agriculture, urban ecology, sustainable ecosystem, sustainable development, environmental management
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References
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Aylor, D., Garner, J. H., & Johnson, D. (2003). Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environment International, 29(2–3), 213–239.
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Barthel, S., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (2010). Social–ecological memory in urban gardens: Retaining the capacity for management of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 20(2), 255–265.
Bastiononi, S., Marchettini, N., Panzieri, M., & Tiezzi, E. (2001). Sustainability assessment of a farm in the Chianti area (Italy). Journal of Cleaner Production, 9(4),365–373
Blake, J. (1999). Overcoming the 'valueâ€action 'gap' in environmental policy: Tensions between national policy and local experience. Local Environment, 4(3), 257–278
Bonan, G. B. (2002). Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Booth, D. B. (2005). Challenges and prospects for restoring urban streams: A perspective from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(3), 724–737.
Bravo, M. (2017). Urbanization in the Philippines and Its Influence on Agriculture. In M. Yokohari, A. Murakami, Y. Hara, & K. Tsuchiya (Eds.), Sustainable landscape planning in selected urban regions (pp. 97-110). Tokyo: Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56445-4_9
Chandra, A., & Diehl, J. (2019). Urban agriculture, food security, and development policies in Jakarta: A case study of farming communities at Kalideres – Cengkareng district, West Jakarta. Land Use Policy, 89, 104211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104211
Colding, J., Lundberg, J., Lundberg, S., & Andersson, E. (2009). Golf courses and wetland fauna. Ecological Applications, 19(6), 1481-1491.
Daily, G. (1997). Nature's services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
de Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A., & Boumans, R. M. (2002). A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393–408.
De Guzman, C. (2017). Urban Agriculture in the Philippines: Initiatives, practices, significance, and threats. In M. Yokohari, A. Murakami, Y. Hara, & K. Tsuchiya (Eds.), Sustainable landscape planning in selected urban regions (pp. 187-197). Tokyo: Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56445-4_16
Diehl, J., Sia, C., & Chandra, A. (2018). Cities linked through food trans-boundaries: The case of Singapore as an agri-pelago. In E. Gottero (Ed.), Agrourbanism: Tools for governance and planning of agrarian landscape (pp. 45-60). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95576-6_4
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Escobedo, F. J., Wagner, J. E., Nowak, D. J., De la Maza, C. L., Rodriguez, M., Crane, D. E. (2008). Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(1), 148–157.
FAO. (2010). Growing greener cities. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)'s website. Retrieved 9 November 2019, from http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/en/resources/index.html
Fang, C.-F., & Ling, D.-L. (2003). Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(4), 187–195.
Fitzhugh, T. W., & Richter, B. D. (2004). Quenching urban thirst: Growing cities and their impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Bioscience, 54, 741–754.
Ghosh, S. (2004) Food production in cities. In R. Junge-Berberovic, J.-B. Baechtiger, & W. J. Simpson (Eds.), ISHS Acta Horticulturae 643: International Conference on Urban Horticulture (pp. 233-239). Waedenswil, Switzerland: Acta Horticulturae.
Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Barton, D. N. (2013). Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics, 86, 235–245.
Gotham, K., & Brumley, K. (2002). Using space: Agency and identity in a public-housing development. City and Community, 1, 267–289.
Kerr, A. M., & Baird, A. H. (2007). Natural barriers to natural disasters. BioScience, 57(2), 102–103.
Konijnendijk, C. C., Annerstedt, M., Busse Nielsen, A., & Maruthaveeran, S. (2013). Benefits of urban parks: A systematic review. Copenhagen: International Federation of Parks and Recreation Administration (IFPRA).
McPhearson, T. (2011). Toward a sustainable New York City: Greening through urban forest restoration. In E. Slavin (Ed.), Sustainability in America's cities: Creating the green metropolis (pp. 181–204). Washington, DC: Island Press.
Moreno-Garcia, M. C. (1994). Intensity and form of the urban heat island in Barcelona. International Journal of Climatology, 14(6), 705–710.
Murata, T., & Kawai, N. (2018). Degradation of the urban ecosystem function due to soil sealing: Involvement in the heat island phenomenon and hydrologic cycle in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 64(2), 145-155. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2018.1439342
Pathak, V., Tripathi, B. D., & Mishra, V. K. (2007). Dynamics of traffic noise in a tropical city Varanasi and its abatement through vegetation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 146(1–3), 67–75.
Pauleit, S., & Duhme, F. (2000). Assessing the environmental performance of land cover types for urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 52(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(00)00109-2
Pilgrim, S. E., Cullen, L. C., Smith, D. J., & Pretty, J. (2008). Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(4), 1004–1009.
Poulsen, M. N., McNab, P. R, Clayton, M. L., & Neff, R. A. (2015). A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries. Food Policy, 55,131–146.
Razak, H., Wahid, N., & Latif, M. (2019). Anionic surfactants and traffic related emission from an urban area of Perak, Malaysia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77(4), 587-593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00656-3
Rezai, G., Shamsudin, M., & Mohamed, Z. (2016). Urban agriculture: A way forward to food and nutrition security in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006
Rosehan, N., Abas, A., & Aiyub, K. (2020). Studies on the cultural ecosystem services in Malacca City. Planning Malaysia, 18(12), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i12.749
Saksena, S., Fox, J., Spencer, J., Castrence, M., DiGregorio, M., Epprecht, M., Sultanab, N., Finucanea, M., Nguyend, L., & Vien, T. D. (2014). Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam. Applied Geography, 50, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.02.010
TEEB. (2010). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. London: Earthscan.
TEEB. (2011). TEEB manual for cities: Ecosystem services in urban management. Retrieved 9 November 2019, from http://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/Study%20and%20Reports/Additional%20Reports/Manual%20for%20Cities/TEEB%20Manual%20for%20Cities_English.pdf
Tiraieyari, N., & Krauss, S. (2018). Predicting youth participation in urban agriculture in Malaysia: Insights from the theory of planned behavior and the functional approach to volunteer motivation. Agriculture and Human Values, 35(3), 637-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-018-9854-8
Tsuchiya, K., Hara, Y., & Thaitakoo, D. (2015). Linking food and land systems for sustainable peri-urban agriculture in Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Landscape and Urban Planning, 143, 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.008
Tyrväinen, L., & Miettinen, A. (2000). Property prices and urban forest amenities. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 39(2), 205–223.
Wagstaff, R., & Wortman, S. (2013). Crop physiological response across the Chicago metropolitan region: Developing recommendations for urban and peri-urban farmers in the North Central US. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s174217051300046x
Wahab, M., Razak, W., Sahani, M., & Khan, M. (2020). Characteristics and health effect of heavy metals on non-exhaust road dusts in Kuala Lumpur. Science of the Total Environment, 703, 135535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135535
Wittmer, H., & Gundimeda, H. (Eds.). (2012). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity in local and regional policy and management. London: Routledge.
Zahran, S., Brody, S. D., Vedlitz, A., Grover, H., & Miller, C. (2008). Vulnerability and capacity: Explaining local commitment to climate-change policy. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26(3), 544–562.
Ahrné, K., Bengtsson, J., & Elmqvist, T. (2009). Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) along a gradient of increasing urbanization. PLOS ONE, 4(5). Retrieved 9 November 2019, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005574
Awang, A., Shah, A., & Aiyub, K. (2008). Reassessing the meaning of quality of life and its application in environmental management discipline in Malaysia. Akademika, 72(1), 45-68.
Aylor, D., Garner, J. H., & Johnson, D. (2003). Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environment International, 29(2–3), 213–239.
Baharuddin, S., & Sukimi, M. (2007). City as a reflection of national identities: Early comparison between Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur. Akademika, 70(1), 3-19.
Barthel, S., & Isendahl, C. (2013). Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Ecological Economics, 86, 224–234.
Barthel, S., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (2010). Social–ecological memory in urban gardens: Retaining the capacity for management of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 20(2), 255–265.
Bastiononi, S., Marchettini, N., Panzieri, M., & Tiezzi, E. (2001). Sustainability assessment of a farm in the Chianti area (Italy). Journal of Cleaner Production, 9(4),365–373
Blake, J. (1999). Overcoming the 'valueâ€action 'gap' in environmental policy: Tensions between national policy and local experience. Local Environment, 4(3), 257–278
Bonan, G. B. (2002). Ecological climatology: Concepts and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Booth, D. B. (2005). Challenges and prospects for restoring urban streams: A perspective from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(3), 724–737.
Bravo, M. (2017). Urbanization in the Philippines and Its Influence on Agriculture. In M. Yokohari, A. Murakami, Y. Hara, & K. Tsuchiya (Eds.), Sustainable landscape planning in selected urban regions (pp. 97-110). Tokyo: Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56445-4_9
Chandra, A., & Diehl, J. (2019). Urban agriculture, food security, and development policies in Jakarta: A case study of farming communities at Kalideres – Cengkareng district, West Jakarta. Land Use Policy, 89, 104211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104211
Colding, J., Lundberg, J., Lundberg, S., & Andersson, E. (2009). Golf courses and wetland fauna. Ecological Applications, 19(6), 1481-1491.
Daily, G. (1997). Nature's services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
de Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A., & Boumans, R. M. (2002). A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393–408.
De Guzman, C. (2017). Urban Agriculture in the Philippines: Initiatives, practices, significance, and threats. In M. Yokohari, A. Murakami, Y. Hara, & K. Tsuchiya (Eds.), Sustainable landscape planning in selected urban regions (pp. 187-197). Tokyo: Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56445-4_16
Diehl, J., Sia, C., & Chandra, A. (2018). Cities linked through food trans-boundaries: The case of Singapore as an agri-pelago. In E. Gottero (Ed.), Agrourbanism: Tools for governance and planning of agrarian landscape (pp. 45-60). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95576-6_4
Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. (2005). Washington, DC: Island Press.
Ernstson, H., van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C., & Elmqvist, T. (2010). Urban transitions: On urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems. AMBIO, 39(8), 531–545.
Escobedo, F. J., Wagner, J. E., Nowak, D. J., De la Maza, C. L., Rodriguez, M., Crane, D. E. (2008). Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(1), 148–157.
FAO. (2010). Growing greener cities. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)'s website. Retrieved 9 November 2019, from http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/en/resources/index.html
Fang, C.-F., & Ling, D.-L. (2003). Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(4), 187–195.
Fitzhugh, T. W., & Richter, B. D. (2004). Quenching urban thirst: Growing cities and their impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Bioscience, 54, 741–754.
Ghosh, S. (2004) Food production in cities. In R. Junge-Berberovic, J.-B. Baechtiger, & W. J. Simpson (Eds.), ISHS Acta Horticulturae 643: International Conference on Urban Horticulture (pp. 233-239). Waedenswil, Switzerland: Acta Horticulturae.
Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Barton, D. N. (2013). Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics, 86, 235–245.
Gotham, K., & Brumley, K. (2002). Using space: Agency and identity in a public-housing development. City and Community, 1, 267–289.
Kerr, A. M., & Baird, A. H. (2007). Natural barriers to natural disasters. BioScience, 57(2), 102–103.
Konijnendijk, C. C., Annerstedt, M., Busse Nielsen, A., & Maruthaveeran, S. (2013). Benefits of urban parks: A systematic review. Copenhagen: International Federation of Parks and Recreation Administration (IFPRA).
McPhearson, T. (2011). Toward a sustainable New York City: Greening through urban forest restoration. In E. Slavin (Ed.), Sustainability in America's cities: Creating the green metropolis (pp. 181–204). Washington, DC: Island Press.
Moreno-Garcia, M. C. (1994). Intensity and form of the urban heat island in Barcelona. International Journal of Climatology, 14(6), 705–710.
Murata, T., & Kawai, N. (2018). Degradation of the urban ecosystem function due to soil sealing: Involvement in the heat island phenomenon and hydrologic cycle in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 64(2), 145-155. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2018.1439342
Pathak, V., Tripathi, B. D., & Mishra, V. K. (2007). Dynamics of traffic noise in a tropical city Varanasi and its abatement through vegetation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 146(1–3), 67–75.
Pauleit, S., & Duhme, F. (2000). Assessing the environmental performance of land cover types for urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 52(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(00)00109-2
Pilgrim, S. E., Cullen, L. C., Smith, D. J., & Pretty, J. (2008). Ecological knowledge is lost in wealthier communities and countries. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(4), 1004–1009.
Poulsen, M. N., McNab, P. R, Clayton, M. L., & Neff, R. A. (2015). A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries. Food Policy, 55,131–146.
Razak, H., Wahid, N., & Latif, M. (2019). Anionic surfactants and traffic related emission from an urban area of Perak, Malaysia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77(4), 587-593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00656-3
Rezai, G., Shamsudin, M., & Mohamed, Z. (2016). Urban agriculture: A way forward to food and nutrition security in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006
Rosehan, N., Abas, A., & Aiyub, K. (2020). Studies on the cultural ecosystem services in Malacca City. Planning Malaysia, 18(12), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i12.749
Saksena, S., Fox, J., Spencer, J., Castrence, M., DiGregorio, M., Epprecht, M., Sultanab, N., Finucanea, M., Nguyend, L., & Vien, T. D. (2014). Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam. Applied Geography, 50, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.02.010
TEEB. (2010). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. London: Earthscan.
TEEB. (2011). TEEB manual for cities: Ecosystem services in urban management. Retrieved 9 November 2019, from http://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/Study%20and%20Reports/Additional%20Reports/Manual%20for%20Cities/TEEB%20Manual%20for%20Cities_English.pdf
Tiraieyari, N., & Krauss, S. (2018). Predicting youth participation in urban agriculture in Malaysia: Insights from the theory of planned behavior and the functional approach to volunteer motivation. Agriculture and Human Values, 35(3), 637-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-018-9854-8
Tsuchiya, K., Hara, Y., & Thaitakoo, D. (2015). Linking food and land systems for sustainable peri-urban agriculture in Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Landscape and Urban Planning, 143, 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.008
Tyrväinen, L., & Miettinen, A. (2000). Property prices and urban forest amenities. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 39(2), 205–223.
Wagstaff, R., & Wortman, S. (2013). Crop physiological response across the Chicago metropolitan region: Developing recommendations for urban and peri-urban farmers in the North Central US. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s174217051300046x
Wahab, M., Razak, W., Sahani, M., & Khan, M. (2020). Characteristics and health effect of heavy metals on non-exhaust road dusts in Kuala Lumpur. Science of the Total Environment, 703, 135535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135535
Wittmer, H., & Gundimeda, H. (Eds.). (2012). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity in local and regional policy and management. London: Routledge.
Zahran, S., Brody, S. D., Vedlitz, A., Grover, H., & Miller, C. (2008). Vulnerability and capacity: Explaining local commitment to climate-change policy. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26(3), 544–562.